{"id":4468,"date":"2013-03-13T05:01:42","date_gmt":"2013-03-13T09:01:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/?p=4468"},"modified":"2013-11-19T23:04:45","modified_gmt":"2013-11-20T04:04:45","slug":"subordinationism-dale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/subordinationism-dale\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Subordinationism&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-4474\" style=\"border: 11px solid white;\" alt=\"grammar-vader\" src=\"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader-300x230.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader-300x230.jpg 300w, https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader-420x322.jpg 420w, https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader-460x353.jpg 460w, https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader-90x69.jpg 90w, https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/grammar-vader.jpg 579w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>In the recent and <strong>ongoing <a title=\"trinitarian or unitarian?\" href=\"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/?s=+trinitarian+or+unitarian%3F&amp;searchsubmit=\" target=\"_blank\">series<\/a><\/strong>, I have been showing that famous early &#8220;fathers&#8221; are not, contrary to popular accounts, trinitarians at all, once we carefully define the term. They are unitarians, again, carefully defining the term.<\/p>\n<p>But these <a title=\"comments regarding the term &quot;Subordinationist&quot;\" href=\"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/archives\/4446\/comment-page-1#comment-97604\" target=\"_blank\">recent comments<\/a> by reader &#8220;Villanovanus&#8221; got me thinking.<\/p>\n<p>He finds it <strong><em>outrageous<\/em> that I call people like Irenaeus and Origen &#8220;unitarians,&#8221;<\/strong> even though I also call them &#8220;subordinationists.&#8221; Isn&#8217;t a subordinationist <em>by definition<\/em> a trinitarian? (When one reads the trinitarian authors of histories of theology, they are usually a little more modest, saying that these folks are sort of, kind of, maybe trinitarians, if not good ones, or fully developed ones, etc.)\u00a0 Am I not grammatically challenged, or perversely unwilling to look up terms in a dictionary? If a &#8220;subordinationist&#8221; is by definition a trinitarian, then &#8220;subordinationist unitarian&#8221; is a contradiction in terms.<\/p>\n<p>He cites a number of dictionary type definitions of &#8220;subordinationism&#8221;, e.g.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[subordinationism] the doctrine that the first person of the Holy <b>Trinity<\/b> is superior to the second, and the second superior to the third. (\u00a9 Random House, Inc. 2013)<\/li>\n<li>[subordinationism] either of two interpretations of the doctrine of the <b>Trinity<\/b>, often regarded as heretical, according to which the Son is subordinate to the Father or the Holy Ghost is subordinate to both (Collins English Dictionary \u2013 Complete &amp; Unabridged 10th Edition 2009 \u00a9 William Collins Sons &amp; Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 \u00a9 HarperCollins<br \/>\nPublishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009)<\/li>\n<li>[subordinationism] the theological tenet of progressively declining essence within the <b>Trinity<\/b>. (-Ologies &amp; -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The second definition is too narrow. But making &#8220;subordinationism&#8221; <!--more-->an interpretation of &#8220;the doctrine&#8221; it would rule out any 2nd c. theologians as being subordinationists &#8211; for in their day, there was no set doctrine &#8211; or rather set formulas &#8211; that needed interpreting. Those came into existence later.<\/p>\n<p>That aside, <strong>the definitions are arguably roughly equivalent<\/strong> &#8211; they will count as &#8220;subordinationist&#8221; pretty much the same group of theories. They differ, though. I suggest that the core idea is that not all Persons are equally great. I think we can be more precise; <strong>I would define &#8220;subordinationism&#8221; as<\/strong> a theory which affirms that the Father is greater than the Son, or that affirms this, and also that Father (or Father and Son) are greater than the Spirit.<\/p>\n<p>Objections?<\/p>\n<p>Of course, <em>that<\/em> sort of theory is <strong>consistent with unitarianism<\/strong>. &#8220;Villanovanus&#8221; is jumping at the word &#8220;<strong>Trinity<\/strong>,&#8221; which he&#8217;s bolded in the quotations. But that word is vague. It has come to mean a triune god, a<strong> tripersonal god<\/strong> it some sense containing equal &#8220;persons.&#8221; But as I&#8217;ve been showing in the present series, in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries, catholic theologians simply did not believe in such a thing. For them, &#8220;Trinity&#8221; meant <strong>this group<\/strong>: the one God (the Father), his Son, and his Spirit. In this sense &#8211; it is not thought to name a single entity at all &#8211; but only a plurality of (divine) entities. Even though, some of them would say, the &#8220;power&#8221; or &#8220;operation&#8221; of them is one (whatever that means!).<\/p>\n<p>The problem is that <strong>these two usages &#8220;Trinity&#8221; exist side by side, causing quite a lot of confusion<\/strong>. Theologians enthuse that &#8220;the entire Bible is about the Trinity&#8221; &#8211; which is <em>true<\/em>, in this second sense &#8211; the whole Bible IS about one or more of: Father (the one God), his Son, and the Spirit of God. This is consistent with asserting: the Trinity (the tripersonal god) does not appear <em>as such<\/em> in the Bible, and is not, strictly speaking, taught there, though the catholic movement started to teach it later. But they shout the first, and whisper the second. Or sometimes they just shout the first. Unitarian Christians &#8220;believe in the Trinity&#8221; in the first sense, but not in the second sense.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;m looking for <strong>a principled, consistent, non-polemical, illuminating classification<\/strong> of views that works for 2nd c. theories, 4th c. ones, 18th c. ones, or current ones.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s see if my usage is as bizarre as Villanovanus thinks. Consider various scholarly contexts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Samuel Clarke? Uncontroversially a unitarian. And uncontroversially a subordinationist, by <em>any<\/em> of the definitions above.<\/li>\n<li>How about the so-called &#8220;Arians&#8221;? They are generally considered to not be trinitarians. And they are standardly considered to be subordinationists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So far, so good.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sometimes present day theories are regarded as &#8220;Arian&#8221; or having &#8220;subordinationist&#8221; <strong>tendencies<\/strong> &#8211; and what they mean pretty much the sort of thing any of the definitions above says. Sometimes these theories are considered to be sub-par trinitarian theories &#8211; trinitarian but not self-consistent (because the persons are not equally divine). Or at least: the theories are recognized as<em> intended to be<\/em> trinitarian, whether or not they really are. Any theory that posits &#8220;ontological&#8221; as opposed to &#8220;function&#8221; subordination of Son to Father is going to attract this sort of criticism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In sum, <strong>I don&#8217;t see any problem here<\/strong> for my definitions &#8211; of &#8220;subordinatianism,&#8221; &#8220;Christian unitarian,&#8221; or &#8220;trinitarian.&#8221; It is not controversial to call Origen, etc. a &#8220;subordinationist.&#8221; But it shouldn&#8217;t be controversial to call him a &#8220;unitarian&#8221; either, given the <a title=\"&quot;unitarian&quot; and &quot;Christian unitarian&quot;\" href=\"http:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/archives\/3767\" target=\"_blank\">definition<\/a> of that term.<\/p>\n<p>Am I using <em>that<\/em> term (&#8220;<strong>unitarian<\/strong>&#8220;) bizarrely?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Think about standard usage, e.g. when comparing religions. Judaism and Islam are described as believing in a &#8220;unipersonal&#8221; or unitarian god, in contrast to Christians who all (allegedly) believe in a &#8220;tripersonal&#8221; or &#8220;trinitarian&#8221; god.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>My definition of &#8220;unitarian&#8221; captures this usage perfectly. Am I, clownishly, going against all previous usage?<\/p>\n<p>Nope. I&#8217;m basically <strong>following but trying to improve<\/strong> the terminology and classifications of previous unitarian Christians. Like <a title=\"Belsham, A Calm Inquiry into the Scripture Doctrine Concerning the Person of Christ\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lulu.com\/shop\/thomas-belsham\/a-calm-inquiry-into-the-scripture-doctrine-concerning-the-person-of-christ\/paperback\/product-4386451.html\" target=\"_blank\">this guy<\/a>. Or <a title=\"William Christie, Discourses on the Divine Unity\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lulu.com\/shop\/william-christie\/discourses-on-the-divine-unity\/paperback\/product-4073785.html\" target=\"_blank\">this one<\/a>. Or <a title=\"Emlyn's Works\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lulu.com\/shop\/thomas-emlyn\/the-works-of-mr-thomas-emlyn-vol-1-4th-ed\/paperback\/product-12552523.html\" target=\"_blank\">this one<\/a> (hailed in a dictionary of national biography is the &#8220;first unitarian minister in English&#8221; &#8211; he also accepted and used that label, by the way, and is also a subordinationist by any definition). Some of them use the name &#8220;<strong>Arian<\/strong>&#8221; for what I call &#8220;unitarian subordinationism.&#8221; But that&#8217;s an old and misleading polemical label that we were all better rid of, <em>at least<\/em> outside the 4th c. They would call &#8220;<strong>Socinian<\/strong>&#8221; views which I call &#8220;humanitarian unitarianism.&#8221;\u00a0 Some of the above would call this last the &#8220;proper Unitarian&#8221; view, but without denying that these other views are unitarian, and not trinitarian. Again, the label &#8220;Socinian&#8221; can and does mislead &#8211; it is best reserved for people who really accept the substance of Socinus&#8217; whole system of theology &#8211; which most later unitarians do not. And it too was born as a polemical label &#8211; a way to tar certain Christians with the name of a supposedly discredited, horrible heretic.<\/p>\n<p>I will post another time on the ambiguity of &#8220;Trinity&#8221; &#8211; more needs to be said about that.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the recent and ongoing series, I have been showing that famous early &#8220;fathers&#8221; are not, contrary to popular accounts, trinitarians at all, once we carefully define the term. They are unitarians, again, carefully defining the term. But these recent comments by reader &#8220;Villanovanus&#8221; got me thinking. He finds it outrageous that I call people&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/subordinationism-dale\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;Subordinationism&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16,4,14,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books","category-heresy-orthodoxy","category-history","category-theories"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4468"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5230,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4468\/revisions\/5230"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trinities.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}